CHAPTER 16
The Birth of Modern European Thought
The Birth of Modern European Thought
The late nineteenth century saw major changes and advances in intellectual European movements. In the wake of the emphasis on rationalism during the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, along with the growth of a consumer-driven and more educated middle class, Europeans began to experience a world that was very different from the Europe of the late 18th century. Charles Darwin introduced a new era of scientific study that ushered in the largest attack on the Church since the days of the Reformation. At the same time, secular state-funded education drew more of the middle class into a secularized European lifestyle, which prompted the Church to respond with the doctrine of papal infallibility. However, scientific discoveries such as radiation, and literary movements such as realism, swayed many more people to question the morality of the Church as well as the dominant bourgeois class of the Victorian era. The philosophical questioning of morality and social constructs coincided with a new field of scientific and medical study: psychology and sociology- and in particular, Sigmund Freud's theories of psychoanalysis and Max Weber's view of socio-politics. And finally, this chapter will focus on a new way of thinking that swept up entire nations throughout the continent- fierce nationalism that inspired nations to compete amongst each other for strength of industry and economics, and often translated into a growing sense of racism and anti-Semitism throughout Europe. The chapter will close with the growing momentum of the women's suffrage movement in the years just prior to World War I, and a look at the social pressures exerted on women in Western middle-class societies.
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Click below for "Impressionism and Post-Impressionism"
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